One billion people, or 15% of the world’s population, experience some form of disability, and disability prevalence is higher for developing countries. Show
Persons with disabilities are more likely to experience adverse socioeconomic outcomes such as less education, poorer health outcomes, lower levels of employment, and higher poverty rates. Poverty may increase the risk of disability through malnutrition, inadequate access to education and health care, unsafe working conditions, a polluted environment, and lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Disability may also increase the risk of poverty, through lack of employment and education opportunities, lower wages, and increased cost of living with a disability. As COVID-19 continues to have wide-reaching impacts across the globe, it is important to note how persons with disabilities are impacted by the pandemic, including health, education, and transport considerations. In the area of health, many persons with disabilities have additional underlying health needs that make them particularly vulnerable to severe symptoms of COVID-19 if they contract it. Persons with disabilities may also be at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 because information about the disease, including the symptoms and prevention, are not commonly provided in accessible formats such as print materials in Braille, sign language interpretation, captions, audio provision, and graphics. With widespread school closures, children with disabilities have lacked access to basic services such as meal programs; assistive technologies; access to resource personnel; recreation programs; extracurricular activities; and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs. COVID-19 has led to a sudden shift in the role of the parent/caregiver to act simultaneously as their teachers, in addition to exacerbating the digital divide between learners related to access to equipment, electricity, and the internet. Barriers to full social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities include inaccessible physical environments and transportation, the unavailability of assistive devices and technologies, non-adapted means of communication, gaps in service delivery, and discriminatory prejudice and stigma in society. Global awareness of disability-inclusive development is increasing. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) promotes the full integration of persons with disabilities in societies. The CRPD specifically references the importance of international development in addressing the rights of persons with disabilities. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly states that disability cannot be a reason or criteria for lack of access to development programming and the realization of human rights. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework includes seven targets which explicitly refer to persons with disabilities, and six further targets on persons in vulnerable situations, which include persons with disabilities. Last Updated: Apr 14, 2022 Including persons with disabilities and expanding equitable opportunities are at the core of the World Bank’s work to build sustainable, inclusive communities, aligned with the institution’s goals to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. The World Bank integrates disability into development through its analytical work, data, and good-practice policies. The Bank also addresses disability issues in its operations across a wide range of sectors, including promoting access to infrastructure facilities and social services, rehabilitation, skills development, creating economic opportunities, and working with Organizations for Persons with Disabilities, focusing on the most vulnerable among people with disabilities, such as women and children, and influencing policies and institutional development. The Global Disability Advisor’s team serves as a focal point for ongoing advisory and analytical support to operational teams on disability-inclusive approaches in project design and implementation. The World Bank launched its first Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework in June 2018 to offer a roadmap for:
The framework is relevant to policymakers, government officials, other development organizations, and persons with disabilities. In July 2018, the World Bank Group made Ten Commitments to accelerate global action for disability-inclusive development in key areas such as education, digital development, data collection, gender, post-disaster reconstruction, transport, private sector investments, and social protection. The World Bank group has updated some of these commitments in 2022 as it continues to invest in disability-inclusive development. These are:
The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) includes a strong provision designed to make sure that the interests of persons with disabilities are protected and included, requiring the borrower to look specifically at disability as part of any social assessments. The ESF makes several direct references to safeguarding the interests of persons with disabilities and protecting them from unsafe working conditions. It encourages countries to undertake reasonable accommodation measures to adapt the workplace to include workers with disabilities, as well as to provide information in accessible formats. Furthermore, the ESF also requires client countries to undertake meaningful consultations with stakeholders to learn their views on project risks, impacts, and mitigation measures. In addition, the World Bank has issued a Directive on addressing project risks and impacts on disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, which also addresses the inclusion of persons with disabilities. The Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework is aligned with the ESF and will offer a thematic blueprint to support disability-inclusive investments. Working with International Development Association The World Bank has strengthened its commitments to ensure the systematic inclusion of persons with disabilities in World Bank projects by way of support to and in the development of services provided to IDA countries. IDA20, our latest financing package for the world’s poorest countries, has adopted a standalone commitment to embed disability inclusion across core services, with a special focus on projects in education, health, social protection, water, urban, digital development, and transport. IDA19, its predecessor, recognized disability inclusion as a cross cutting theme and made explicit reference to disability in six policy commitments. Last Updated: Apr 14, 2022 Global analysis and good practice: Since the 2011 publication of the joint World Bank-World Health Organization World Report on Disability the World Bank has committed to building the evidence base on disability-inclusive development. Within the scope prescribed by the Ten Commitments on Disability-Inclusive Development, the World Bank produces independent empirical studies and analysis on the intersection of disability inclusion and inclusive education, transport, water, digital development, and others. Here are some of our recent analytics:
The World Bank has similarly developed a series of good practice guidance notes to ensure that the needs of persons with disabilities are embedded across the spectrum of Bank operations. These guidance notes provide action-oriented direction for government officials and decisionmakers in the areas of disaster risk management, water, and education. Additionally, we have recently launched an e-course, Collecting Data on Disability Inclusion, which provides technical knowledge on disability disaggregated data to support disability-inclusive development. Operational Examples
Trust-funded Projects: The Inclusive Education Initiative (IEI), a multi-donor trust fund with support from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), is investing in catalytic technical expertise and knowledge resources that support countries in making education progressively inclusive for children across the spectrum of disabilities. The IEI supports projects in Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Nepal.
The Disability-Inclusive Education in Africa Program, with funding from USAID, is investing in regional diagnostics and programmatic interventions in Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Senegal, The Gambia, and Zambia. The program is building practitioner capacity through technical learning sessions and knowledge products. In addition to World Bank financing, the Japan Policy and Human Resources Development Fund financed efforts to mainstream disability in World Bank projects around the world for a total of $23 million, for example:
Last Updated: Apr 14, 2022 Partnerships play a critical role at the strategic level, by developing policy and institutional frameworks, and at the project level, through joint implementation with civil society and disabled people’s and community-based organizations to promote inclusion of people with disabilities. Which of the following is true about the relationship between perceived discrepancy and the experience of stress quizlet?Which of the following is true about the relationship between perceived discrepancy and the experience of stress? Efforts at coping are done to reduce perceived discrepancies.
Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on the research findings regarding the relationship between exercise and physiological measures?Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on the research findings regarding the relationship between exercise and physiological measures? Regular exercise lowers heart rate and blood pressure.
Which is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?General adaption syndrome, consisting of three stages: (1) alarm, (2) resistance, and (3) exhaustion.
Which is an example of an environmental preventive approach to tooth decay?Community water fluoridation is the process of adjusting the amount of fluoride in drinking water to a level recommended for preventing tooth decay.
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