So sánh 2 thư mục bằng meld năm 2024

How to compare directories with Meld on Linux

We've already covered Meld from a beginner's point of view (including the tool's installation part), and we've also covered some tips/tricks that are primarily aimed at intermediate Meld users. If you remember, in the beginner's tutorial, we mentioned that Meld can be used to compare both files as well as directories. Now that we've already covered file comparison, it's time to discuss the tool's directory comparison feature.

Compare directories using Meld

To compare two directories using Meld, launch the tool and select the Directory comparison option.

Then select the directories that you want to compare:

Once that is done, click the Compare button, and you'll see that Meld will compare both directories side by side, like the tool does in case of files:

Of course, these being directories, they are displayed as side-by-side trees. And as you can see in the screenshot above, the differences - whether it's a new file or a changed file - are highlighted in different colors.

According to Meld's official documentation, each file or folder that you see in the comparison area of the window has a state of its own. A state basically reveals how a particular file/folder is different from the corresponding entry in the other directory.

The following table - taken from the tool's website - explains in details the folder comparison states in Meld.

State

Appearance

Meaning

Same

Normal font

The file/folder is the same across all compared folders.

Same when filtered

Italics

These files are different across folders, but once text filters are applied, these files become identical.

Modified

Blue and bold

These files differ between the folders being compared.

New

Green and bold

This file/folder exists in this folder, but not in the others.

Missing

Greyed out text with a line through the middle

This file/folder doesn't exist in this folder, but does in one of the others.

Error

Bright red with a yellow background and bold

When comparing this file, an error occurred. The most common error causes are file permissions (i.e., Meld was not allowed to open the file) and filename encoding errors.

By default, Meld shows all the contents of the folders being compared, even if they are same (meaning there's no difference between them). However, you can ask the tool to not display these files/directories by clicking the Same button in the toolbar - the click should disable this button.

For example, here's our directory comparison when I clicked and disabled the Same button:

So you can see that only the differences between the two directories (new and modified files) are shown now. Similarly, if you disable the New button, only the modified files will be displayed. So basically, you can use these buttons to customize what kind of changes are displayed by Meld while comparing two directories.

Coming to the changes, you can hop from one change to another using the up and down arrow keys that sit above the display area in the tool's window, and to open two files for side-by-side comparison, you can either double click the name of any of the files, or click the Compare button that sits beside the arrows.

Note 1: If you observe closely, there are bars on the left and right-hand sides of the display area in Meld window. These bars basically provide "a simple coloured summary of the comparison results." For each differing file or folder, there's a small colored section in these bars. You can click any such section to directly jump to that place in the comparison area.

Note 2: While you can always open files side by side and merge changes the way you want, in case you want all the changes to be merged to the corresponding file/folder (meaning you want to make the corresponding file/folder exactly same) then you can use the Copy Left and Copy Right buttons:

For example, select a file or folder in the left pane and click the Copy Right button to make the corresponding entry in the right pane exactly same.

Moving on, there's a Filters drop-down menu that sits just next to the Same, New, and Modified trio of buttons. Here you can select/deselect file types to tell Meld whether or not to show these kind of files/folders in the display area during a directory comparison. The official documentation explains the entries in this menu as "patterns of filenames that will not be looked at when performing a folder comparison."

The entries in the list include backups, OS-specific metadata, version control, binaries, and media.

The aforementioned menu is also accessible by heading to View->File Filters. You can add new elements to this menu (as well as remove existing ones if you want) by going to Edit->Preferences->File Filters.

To create a new filter, you need to use shell glob patterns. Following is the list of shell glob characters that Meld recognises:

Wildcard

Matches

*

anything (i.e., zero or more characters)

?

exactly one character

[abc]

any one of the listed characters

[!abc]

anything except one of the listed characters

{cat,dog}

either "cat" or "dog"

Finally, an important point worth knowing about Meld is that the case of a file's name plays an important part as comparison is case sensitive by default. This means that, for example, the files README, readme and ReadMe would all be treated by the tool as different files.

Thankfully, however, Meld also provides you a way to turn off this feature. All you have to do is to head to the View menu and then select the Ignore Filename Case option.

Conclusion

As you'd agree, directory comparison using Meld isn't difficult - in fact I'd say it's pretty easy. The only area that might require time to learn is creating file filters, but that's not to say you should never learn it. Obviously, it all depends on what your requirement is.

Oh, and yes, you can even compare three directories using Meld, a feature that you can access by clicking the 3-way comparison box when you choose the directories that you want to compare. We didn't discuss the feature in this article, but definitely will in one of our future articles.