Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, hay Atawallpa (20/3/1497 � 29/8/1533), l� vị Sapa Inca hay ho�ng đế cuối c�ng của Tahuantinsuyu (Đế chế Inca) trước khi người T�y Ban Nha x�m chiếm Đế chế Inca. �ng l� con trai của Huayna C�pac, vua Inca thứ 11.  Huayna Capac, drawn by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. The title, in Poma de Ayala's nonstandard spelling, reads: El onceno inga Guainacapac, "The Eleventh Inca, Guayna Capac". Trước khi chết, Huayna C�pac quyết định chia vương quốc ra l�m hai cho hai người con trai. Atahualpa được hưởng v�ng đất ph�a bắc v� ngự tại Cajamarca, trong khi Hu�scar nhận v�ng đất ph�a nam với Cuzco l� nơi cai trị. Năm 1527 Huayna C�pac chết v� bệnh dịch. Việc chia hai vương quốc đ� dẫn đến nhiều cuộc xung đột dữ dội giữa hai anh em. Mặc d� Hu�scar được người Inca k�nh trọng nhưng người của �ng đ� bị đạo qu�n ph�a bắc c� nhiều kinh nghiệm chinh chiến đ�nh bại v�o năm 1532. Hu�scar bị bắt v� bị xử tử. Atahualpa trở th�nh người thống trị của to�n bộ l�nh thổ Vương quốc Inca. Th�ng 4 năm 1532, Francisco Pizarro chỉ huy qu�n T�y Ban Nha đổ bộ v�o bờ biển Peru. Ngay từ v�i năm trước đ� người Inca đ� mắc phải những bệnh m� trước nay họ chưa từng c� (đậu m�a v� sởi), lan truyền qua Trung Mỹ đến ph�a nam với hậu quả chết người. Khi Pizarro đến, vương quốc Inca kh�ng c�n l� một vương quốc h�ng cường nữa m� l� một quốc gia đang ch�m đắm trong cuộc chiến thừa kế giữa hai anh em Atahualpa v� H�ascar. Cuộc nội chiến n�y đ� lay chuyển nền m�ng của vương quốc v� sự bất b�nh của c�c d�n tộc bị thống trị c�ng l�m cho quốc gia n�y nhanh ch�ng sụp đổ. Atahualpa đ� đ�nh gi� qu� thấp nguy hiểm xuất ph�t từ người T�y Ban Nha. V�o ng�y 15 th�ng 11 năm 1532 họ được Atahualpa ch�o đ�n một c�ch th�n thiện. Pizarro v� 168 người đồng h�nh đ� lợi dụng t�nh huống n�y để bắt giữ Atahualpa v� g�y ra một cuộc t�n s�t đẫm m�u trong số 20.000 người l�nh Inca trong trận Cajamarca. Francisco Pizarro Gonz�lez (/pɪˈzɑːroʊ/; Spanish: [piˈθaro]; c. 1471 � 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain. Pre-conquest Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire to northern Peru. At this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the territory of present-day Ecuador. Topa Inca Yupanqui or T�pac Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: 'Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), translated as "noble Inca accountant," was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1471�93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty, and tenth of the Inca civilization. [B�i qu� d�i, phải cắt bớt[/color] Around 1520, the tribes of quitos, caras and puruh�es rebelled against the Inca Huayna C�pac. He personally led his army, and defeated the rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that the lake turned to blood. https://s20.postimg.cc/b08q8c1n1/Yahuarcocha2.jpg Yawarkucha or Yawar Kucha (Kichwa yawar blood, kucha lake, "blood lake"), hispanicized spellings Yaguarcocha, Yahuarcocha) is a lake in Ecuador located in the eastern outskirts of the city of Ibarra in Imbabura Province, Ibarra Canton. The lake is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and wide and has an elevation of 2,190 metres (7,190 ft) above sea level. [B�i qu� d�i, phải cắt bớt[/color] Inca Civil War Huascar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father.A tense five-year peace ensued, Hu�scar took advantage of that time to get the support of the Ca�aris, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529, the relationship between both brothers was quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro Pizarro, Hu�scar sent an army to the North that ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned in a �tambo� (roadside shelters built for the Chasqui) but succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity, he was cut and lost an ear. From then on, he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the injury. But, the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been captured by Hu�scar's forces, they would have executed him immediately. Atahualpa returned to Quito and amassed a great army. https://s20.postimg.cc/w9wcjbfel/Car...quateur_FR.png Ecuador (/ˈɛkwədɔːr/ (Quechua: Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: Rep�blica del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator" He subsequently attacked the Ca�ari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and leveling the city and the surrounding lands. https://s20.postimg.cc/kxjr1jtv1/Kan...kiqkuna_01.jpg Ca�ari musicians The Ca�ari (in Kichwa: Ka�ari) are an indigenous ethnic group traditionally inhabiting the territory of the modern provinces of Azuay and Ca�ar in Ecuador. He arrived in Tumbes, from which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Pun�. During the naval operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking advantage of his retreat, the �punane�os� (habitants of Pu�a) attacked Tumbes. They destroyed the city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the Spaniards in early 1532. From Cuzco the Huascarites attacked the armies of general Atoc and defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa. However, the Atahualapite generals responded quickly. They gathered together their scattered troops, counter-attacked, and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured Atoc, and later tortured and killed him. The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as a result of the strategic abilities of Quisquis and Calcuchimac. Atahualpa began a slow advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary to consult the oracle of the Huaca (a god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa�s advance would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary, killed the priest, and ordered the temple to be destroyed. During this period, he first learned that Pizarro and his expedition had arrived in the empire. Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalkuchimac, and Rumi�awi. Quizquiz (left), while leading Hu�scar prisoner Chalkuchimac, Inca general and companion of Atahualpa https://s20.postimg.cc/ig7zuga0d/Ruminahui.jpg Le general Rumi�ahui desollando Illescas ou Quilliscacha d'apr�s un dessin du Primer Nueva Cor�nica Y Buen Gobierno par Guam�n Poma (1615). In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipan. The Battle of Quipaipan was the final one between the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalkuchimac defeated Hu�scar's army, captured him, killed his family, and seized the capital, Cuzco. Atahualpa had remained behind in the Andean city of Cajamarca,:146�49 which is where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro.:158 Spanish conquest [B�i qu� d�i, phải cắt bớt[/color] Atahualpa and his army had camped on a hill just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot springs, while his soldiers were in tents set up around him.[22] When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few hundred acllas. The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings on the main plaza, and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led by Hernando de Soto. The group consisted of 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by his brother, Hernando Pizarro. https://s20.postimg.cc/qzrdrpi7h/De_...er_Sartain.jpg Hernando de Soto (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnando �e ˈsoto]; c. 1495 � May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first Spanish and European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (through Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and most likely Arkansas). The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do the following day.[24] Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around the plaza, some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square.[25]The plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options: a surprise attack, if success seemed possible, or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too powerful. https://s20.postimg.cc/6r406j8rx/Ata...Kings_-_ov.jpg Atahualpa, Fourteenth Inca, (Brooklyn Museum) The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca before nightfall.[27] Atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5�6,000 men carrying small battle axes, slings, and pouches of stones underneath their clothes.[28] "He was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the [thermal] baths before leaving as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink." [29] The Inca found no Spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings. The only man to emerge was the Dominican friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter. https://s20.postimg.cc/fane3s999/Vicente_Valverde.jpg Valverde in a detail from The Battle of Cajamarca in the Monastery of Santo Domingo, Cuzco, Peru (17th century) [B�i qu� d�i, phải cắt bớt[/color] Prison and execution On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which they found great treasures of gold, silver, and emeralds. Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room about 22 feet (6.7 m) long and 17 feet (5.2 m) wide up to a height of 8 feet (2.4 m) once with gold and twice with silver within two months.[36] It is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom. But Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once the metals were delivered. After several months in fear of an imminent attack from general Rumi�ahui, the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry, and murdering Hu�scar, his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to execution by burning. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism, the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith. He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco Pizarro. In accordance with his request, he was executed by strangling with a garrote on 26 July 1533. |
