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Wilson 525 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions The Human Face Major function: convey emotion (anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, fear) Attitudes toward other people and objects, communicate that we like or dislike some, love, hate. We can communicate the attitude to people or particular things with our faces Some facial expressions are emblematic: expressions that have very clear direct communications Organization of Facial muscles Eyes/brows: squinting our eyes, opening up our eyes, raising our eyebrows. Muscles: Nose/cheek: Mouth: smiling, frowning, surprise, fearful. Static: -Facial "sign Vehicles" (Ekman, 19678) are aspects of the face that remains constant. These are aspects of the face that do not change, they are going to remain constant for the entirety of our lives. EX. Shape of our face, eye color, positions of our eyes Slow: -Facial "sign Vehicles" (Ekman, 19678) aspects of our face that change slowlyoften reliably with change in age. As we get older we will see these aspects of our face change. EX: wrinkles, cheek sagging, anything that shows up reliably with age and shows up slowly. Not going to be quick. Rapid: - Facial "sign Vehicles" (Ekman, 19678) aspects of our face that we can change in a matter of seconds. EX: whether if we are happy or angry or sad. To go from a smile to a frown. Artificial: -Facial "sign Vehicles" (Ekman, 19678) are not natural. Things like plastic surgery, cosmetics, facial treatments. Things that we do to alter our face. Slow Sign Vehicles Predict Mortality (Dykiert et. Al) Photographs taken of 292 people 82-24 years of age THE IDEA WAS IF THEY WERE TO GUESED THEY WOULD BE YOUNGER THAN THEY WOULD HAVE HAD FEWER SLOW VEHCLES SIGNS THAT SHOWED UP THAN IF THEY WERE GUESSED TO BE OLDER THEN THEY PRESUMABLY HAD MORE SLOW SIGNS VEHCILEC THAT SHOWED UP Guessed to be younger it will show few slow sign vehicles have showed up 108 of the 292 participants died in the following 6 years The odds of dying increased the older the person was judged to be, the year they were guessed to be were large. Those who had slow sign vehicles had a greater chance of dying. Appearance of slow sign vehicles can predict mortality . Six Primary Facial Expression of Emotions Happiness/joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear Universal cut across cultures encoded and decoded the same way Ekman added contempt as the 7th one, potential pride on being the 8th A universal Pride Expression (Tracy & Robins, 2007) Happy face - smile, head tilted back, chest out, hands on hips. Children as young as 4 identify. Isolated African tribal culture can identify. Might function to mark/ maintain status (peripheralist) muscle activity --> emotion. Facial Feedback Hypothesis Is a perspective that essentially suggest that our muscle activity comes first and then the emotions that we experience physiologically follows that. Basically, when we experience an emotion it is going to be muscle movement first and then we experience the physiological aspect of that emotion. (Centralist) cognitive appraisal ---> emotion.- Facial Feedback Hypothesis We experience emotion cognitively first and then that leads to emotion as well as muscle movements. When you have a cognitive appraisal about a situation then that will create that physiological response. You need a cognitive appraisal and now causes to experiencing Facial Feedback Hypothesis: facial muscle activity --> emotion.- Facial Feedback Hypothesis A peripheral list approach that argues that this voluntary movement of our facial muscles can turn on that physiological emotion response in the body. Just by moving our facial muscles we can experience the emotion. Lower eyebrows Evidence of Facial Feedback (Lewis, 2012) emotion mood becomes more negative. Reported much more negative emotions. Those that there eyebrows up all reported more irritability, more depression, anxiety. Raised eyebrows = Evidence of Facial Feedback (Lewis, 2012) emotion felt more surprised. The idea was they were experiencing the surprise by having their eyebrows up which is very consistent with the surprise facial expression, which those facts are more surprising. Moving out facial expressions in a particular way made them feel that emotion more than others who had their eyebrows lowered Wrinkled noses = Evidence of Facial Feedback (Lewis, 2012) emotion rate odors as more unpleasant. Those who had wrinkled nose is rated the odors to be more unpleasant Sun-induced frowning: Marzoli et.al (2013) same facial muscle activation that is happening if we were to experience anger. The idea here is that if I am looking into the sun, muscles, that move on my face when I look at the sun are the same muscles that would move if I made angry face. The idea of this study was that if we have people experienced a sun induced frown they should experience more anger or those negative emotions then those who did not. Survey people walking into the sun or with
the sun behind with or without sunglasses Sunglasses diminish the sun induced frown Infants and facial expression development Facial muscles formed at birth. A baby is born with the physiologically capability to move your muscles around. To make certain facial expressions Social smiling 3-4 weeks, full blown in 3 months Neonate facial imitation : an infant that's really young. Infants are able to imitate facial expressions that they see very early in life. Display of facial expressions are also learned. Early in childhood we start to learn the appropriate of showing facial expressions in certain context. This is an idea called display rule Infant Decoding of Facial Expressions (Field et. Al) YES Adults posed facial expressions to infants Infants showed different patterns in response to different facial expressions. Their pictures were taken Observer could guess which face was being posed to the infant by observing infants photos Phony Smiles Versus Duchenne (real smiles) - Ekman - Adults and Smiles Phony smiles or fake smiles, they tend to be slightly asymmetrical (stronger on the left) May occur at socially inappropriate times - fake Fake smiles does not involve crinkly eye appearance Fake smiles tend to last longer, appear quicker, and irregular offset times Smile Onset Duration (Krumhuber) Computer generated images Smile onset duration 133 vs 533ms (real smile) Longer onset duration face were judged positively, attractive, more trustworthy. No sex differences. Concluded: true smiling has a signal effect for trustworthiness and attractiveness 533ms What will your Future Be like? Look at your Yearbook Photo (Harker & Keltner) Positive
emotion, personality --> personal resources. 1958 college yearbook photo Women with more positive facial affect were rated higher on affiliation, competence, and lower in negativity. Observers expected rewarding interaction. Women with true smiles were viewed positively Positive emotion more likely to be married at
27 Global well being (emotional and physical health) higher at 21, 27, 43, and 52 Sociofunctional approach: showing positive emotions on our face can lead to more resources later in life. Cross-cultural Encoding and decoding of primary facial emotions is universal. Research with remote cultures has ruled out social learning of facial emotions (e.g. through media) Congenitally blind children show same expressions of emotion. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS NOT LEARNED But display rules. In social situations, facial expressions of Japanese & American students differ - but when they were alone. Display rule what certain emotion to show in a particular context. Genes predict affiliative behaviors (Floyd et. , 2019) OXTR ----> nonverbal affiliative
behaviors CERTAIN GENETIC AFFECTS THAT PREDICTED HOW THE PEOPLE WOULD BEHAVE NONVERBALLY AND THOSE GENETIC EFFECTS WERE FOUND IN THE OXTOYCIN RECEPTOR GENE, DEPENDEINF HOW A PARTICUALR PERSON'S GENOTYPE WAS MAPPED ON THE OXTOYCIN GENE THEY WOULF HAVE BEEN MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN THESE PARTICUALR BEHAVIORS LIKE SMILLINGMORE OR IMMEDIACY BEHAVIORS LIKE , FACIALLY EXPRESSIVE, AND NONVERBAL DOMINATE BEHAVIORS. Affiliate behaviors are innate, some inherit response some people are just going to be non affiliate then others. Genes can also predict some of hour nonverbal behaviors Decoding Different Emotions (Levitt, 1964) Easiest: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, Hardest: surprise to decode with accuracy. Positive emotions are easier to decode than negative emotion in the face (zukerman, 1979) Sex Differences in Decoding Facial Expression (Ivy & Wahl, 2019; McClure, 200) Females perform better than males at decoding facial expressions for anger, sadness etc. Even found in early childhood. Females out perform males at decoding facial expressions. Hypothesis: Neurobehavioral maturation model = is based on genetics and it says that the ability to decode facial expressions is something that we are born with and that females and their genetic code are born with a better ability to decode facial expressions. Hypothesis: Social scaffolding model: there are difference at birth, that women are a little bit better. That difference at birth becomes amplify through socialization not that women are born with the ability to do better but that small difference at birth is enlarge through socialization. Women are encourage to socialize in society more and that is sometimes argued to be a normative behavior. Thus, because more socialization they get more practice, since they get more practice they are better at decoding facial expressions. Men and boys are not encourage to socialize Autism and Facial Decoding (pierce) Autism: expressive & receptive communication deficits Autism: unusual and individual-specific regions were activated (compared to amygdala in controls). Telling us that there was no consistent place for being having autism. It was random on which part of the brain were there was no consistency across the people with autism. It could suggest that people with autism ,might have some amygdala issues. Facial decoding emotion and borderline personality disorder Problems with emotional sensitivity, to be able to pick up emotions from other people Slowly morphing computer generates face Participants w/BPD correctly identified emotions quicker than control groups. Negative expression: BDP detected on average when 73% expressed, controls 82%. Positive expression: BDP detected at 48% expressed vs. 69% in controls People w/BDP are quicker to pick up on subtle expressions. Over-reaction to minor incidents with others, may they have a tendency to overact. They might be projecting emotion to other people. See emotions that may or may not have People with BDP were able to recognize happiness when it was only 48 percent expressed. Healthy participants didn't catch on until it was 69 percent of the way to full expression. Oxytocin & Facial Decoding Oxytocin (OT) Intranasal OT administration enhances emotion recognition of faces. Especially pronounced effect on happy and fear faces Interactive Dimber(1982): look at happy and sad faces. When we see people make either of these faces we will make these faces Meltzoff: imitation infant facial imitation Provine (1986): yawning Human Judgments: observer judgment Measurement of Facial Expression when we have people given various images of facial expressions and may be asked what facial expression it is. Asking people to look at images and make evaluations based on the facial expressions that are being done. Direct measurement (muscle actions) : this is called the facial Action Coding System or FACS . Is a way to measure the muscle movement because certain muscles are going to move with certain facial expressions Physiological Measurement: Facial EMG (electromyography). Measures the electrical output on our face as we make certain facial expression. The idea here is that if we move our face around that we are activating electricity How can you demonstrate that you know how someone else feels?Express empathy: Even if the emotion isn't something you understand, show that you care about the fact that the person feels it. Ask questions: Follow up by asking questions to clarify what the person means. This shows that you are listening and trying to understand. Avoid blaming: Focus on showing support.
What is an emotion an emotion is quizlet?Emotions definition. An emotion can be defined as a personal experience that involves a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and expressive behaviour.
What feelings can Facial expressions convey quizlet?Facial expressions: the most expressive part of the body. convey emotions such as surprise, fear, anger, happiness, and sadness.
What characteristic of a caller's voice help you determine their emotional state?What characteristic of a caller's voice help you determine their emotional state? Tone of voice. Why is it important to use as much information as possible to determine emotions? Facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and word choice may not always match.
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