What Is a Dependent Variable?The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores since that is what is being measured. Show
This is different than the independent variable in an experiment, which is a variable that stands on its own. In the example above, the independent variable would be tutoring. The independent variable (tutoring) doesn't change based on other variables, but the dependent variable (test scores) may. One way to help identify the dependent variable is to remember that it depends on the independent variable. When researchers make changes to the independent variable, they then measure any resulting changes to the dependent variable. The dependent variable is called "dependent" because it is thought to depend, in some way, on the variations of the independent variable. Independent vs. Dependent VariableIn a psychology experiment, researchers study how changes in one variable (the independent variable) change another variable (the dependent variable). Manipulating independent variables and measuring the effect on dependent variables allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. These experiments can range from simple to quite complicated, so it can sometimes be a bit confusing to know how to identify the independent vs. dependent variables. Here are a couple of questions to ask to help you learn which is which. Which Variable Is the Experimenter Measuring?Keep in mind that the dependent variable is the one being measured. So, if the experiment is trying to see how one variable affects another, the variable that is being affected is the dependent variable. In many psychology experiments and studies, the dependent variable is a measure of a certain aspect of a participant's behavior. In an experiment looking at how sleep affects test performance, the dependent variable would be test performance. Which Variable Does the Experimenter Manipulate?The independent variable is "independent" because the experimenters are free to vary it as they need. This might mean changing the amount, duration, or type of variable that the participants in the study receive as a treatment or condition. For example, it's common for treatment-based studies to have some subjects receive a certain treatment while others receive no treatment at all. In this case, the treatment is an independent variable because it is the one being manipulated
or changed. Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
How do researchers determine what will be a good dependent variable? There are a few key features that a scientist might consider. StabilityStability is often a good sign of a higher quality dependent variable. If the experiment is repeated with the same participants, conditions, and experimental manipulations, the effects on the dependent variable should be very close to what they were the first time around. ComplexityA researcher might also choose dependent variables based on the complexity of their study. While some studies only have one dependent variable and one independent variable, it is possible to have several of each type. Researchers might also want to learn how changes in a single independent variable affect several dependent variables. For example, imagine an experiment where a researcher wants to learn how the messiness of a room influences people's creativity levels. This research might also want to see how the messiness of a room might influence a person's mood. The messiness of a room would be the independent variable and the study would have two dependent variables: level of creativity and mood. Ability to OperationalizeOperationalization is defined as "translating a construct into its manifestation." In simple terms, it refers to how a variable will be measured. So, a good dependent variable is one that you are able to measure. If measuring burnout, for instance, researchers might decide to use the Maslach Burnout Inventory. If measuring depression, they could use the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Dependent Variable ExamplesAs you are learning to identify the dependent variables in an experiment, it can be helpful to look at examples. Here are just a few dependent variable examples in psychology research.
A Word From VerywellUnderstanding what a dependent variable is and how it is used can be helpful for interpreting different types of research that you encounter in different settings. When you are trying to determine which variables are which, remember that the independent variables are the cause while the dependent variables are the effect. Frequently Asked Questions
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By Kendra Cherry
Thanks for your feedback! What is a manipulation of an independent variable?Manipulation of the Independent Variable
Again, to manipulate an independent variable means to change its level systematically so that different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of that variable, or the same group of participants is exposed to different levels at different times.
What is a extraneous variable?In an experiment, an extraneous variable is any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study. If left uncontrolled, extraneous variables can lead to inaccurate conclusions about the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
What is confounding and extraneous variables?An extraneous variable is any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable of your research study. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent variable, but is also related to the independent variable.
What is an extraneous variable example?An extraneous variable is any variable you're not interested in studying that could also have some effect on the dependent variable. For example, we might want to know how the number of hours that a basketball player trains per week affects their average points per game.
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