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b. Demand characteristics c. Participant characteristics d. Simple order effects Questions 5 through 12 are based on this following abstract taken from a 2012 issue of Cognition. The authors of the paper examined how scientific knowledge affects naïve scientific theories. Instructors are advised to use the reference below to retrieve the original abstract for their use.Shtulman, A., & Valcarcel, J. (2012). Scientific knowledge suppresses but does not supplant earlier intuitions.Cognition,124(2), 209-215.Assume that this study used a within-subjects design. Imagine that the researchers had half the participants verify one group of statements first, followed by the other group of statements (AB order). The other half of the participants verified the statement groups in reverse order (BA). What were the researchers accounting for?
b. Carryover effects only c. Simple order effects and carryover effects only d. Simple order effects and fatigue effects only The researchers' method of accounting for potential confounding effects is known as
b. Randomization c. Latin Square d. Latin Order If this study used a matched-group design relative to a within-subjects design…
b. order effects would be reduced. c. power would increase. d. fewer participants would be needed Which one of the following is the dependent variable of this study?
b. Possibility of statements c. Naïve vs. scientific d. Years of scientific education Which of the following statements is a valid implication of this study?
b. Naïve theories are associated with more correct judgments. c. Statements whose truth-values were consistent across naïve and scientific theories are likely to be more easily processed than those that were inconsistent across naïve and scientific theories. d. Naïve theories are replaced entirely by scientific theories that invalidate them. Domains of knowledge is likely to be a…
b. within-subjects variable. c. dependent variable. d. confounding variable. The authors state that their participants “reported having taken an average of 3.1 college-level math and science courses prior to the study (SD = 3.3), but this variable did not predict any of the effects.” In this case, average number of college-level math and science courses is being used in which of the following ways?
b. College-level math and science courses is factored in as a potential confound. c. College-level math and science courses is a dependent variable. d. College-level math and science courses were tested to see if they explain any of the effects. Which one of the following scenarios would most challenge the validity of this study?
b. If the participants were found to have done poorly on science and math courses. c. If the findings mediate the relationship between how science and math courses affect accuracy of judgment and speed of judgment. d. If participants were not randomly assigned to naïve theory vs. scientific theory. Which of the following is a case of a potential confound?
b. Unknown differences in your participants' traits coming into the study. c. Systematic differences in your measured dependent variable that are not accounted for. d. Systematic differences in your independent variable that are not accounted for . Which describes the results from the Hawthorne effect study?
b. Performance became worse in both experimental conditions. c. Performance became worse only in the condition with the changed lighting. d. Performance improved only in the condition with the changed lighting. The _______________ group received the treatment or intervention while the _______________ group received either an inert version of the treatment or no treatment at all.
b. control; experimental c. experimental; quasi-experimental d. control; quasi-experimental Which of the following is the definition of a placebo effect?
b. An effect of treatment that cannot be attributed to participants' expectations from the treatment. c. An effect of treatment that can be attributed to any property of the treatment itself. d. An effect of treatment that cannot be attributed to any property of the treatment itself. David's experiment involves randomly assigning 120 participants to three separate conditions such that there are 40 participants in each condition. His study is a ____________________ design.
b. between-subjects, quasi-experimental c. between-subjects, experimental d. within-subjects, experimental A within-subjects design that is able to establish causality does require that…
b. the conditions be fully manipulated by the researchers. c. researchers account for individual differences in the analysis. d. each participant is assigned to all possible conditions. In experimental design where conditions are manipulated by the researcher, the variability due to individual differences… What best describes a doubleA type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.
What is the purpose of a doubleThe double-blind study keeps both doctors and participants in the dark as to who is receiving which treatment. This last part is important because it prevents the researchers from unintentionally tipping off the study participants, or unconsciously biasing their evaluation of the results.
What is a doubleDouble-blind procedure is when neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is the experimental or control groups in order to prevent both participant and experimenter bias.
Which of the following is true in a doubleIn a double-blind experimental design, which of the following would be true? Neither the researchers and the experimental subjects know whether the latter have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group.
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