What were the first Spanish colonies located in the New World?

2. Spanish and Native women in the Spanish colonies found many ways to challenge and subvert the patriarchy of Spanish colonial society.

3. Native women played a proactive role in tribal responses to Spanish colonization.

4. The cruelties of the encomienda and enslavement systems fell particularly hard on women.

Introduction

Johann Baptist Homann and Homann Erben. Regni Mexicani seu Novæ Hispaniæ, Ludovicianæ, N. Angliæ, Carolinæ, Virginiæ et Pensylvaniæ, necnon insvlarvm archipelagi Mexicani in America Septentrionali, 1759. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C.

Women in the Spanish Colonies, 1492–1715

The popular narrative of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas is hyper-masculine.

Daring male explorers returned to Spain with tales of vast populations and wealth, and paved the way for brutal male conquistadors to invade and suppress the Native warriors who dared to oppose them. After the early years of invasion, two colonial territories were established: New Spain in North America, and Peru in South America. Spanish elite grew rich off plantations and mines that they staffed with enslaved Native people and Africans, while Franciscan friars forced thousands of Native people to convert to Catholicism through the oppressive mission system.

And yet, women were active participants in every part of the history of the Spanish colonies of the Americas. It was Queen Isabella I of Castile, who funded the Columbus voyage of 1492, and determined the shape and tone of the Spanish conquest. Conquistador Hernan Cortés’s conquest of the Aztec Empire may have failed without the guidance and skill of his enslaved interpreter, Malitzen. And it is impossible to truly understand the horrors of the conquest without a consideration of the toll it took on Native and African women.

Women also found ways to challenge and subvert the patriarchy of Spanish colonial society. The gateras, the Native market women of Quito in Peru, exploited the legal system to earn greater financial security for their people. Zuni potters were at the forefront of the revival of traditional Native practices during the Pueblo Revolt. Women could use the marriage traditions of the dowry and arras to escape unhappy marriages. And wealthy Spanish women expertly wielded their privilege to draw attention to the hypocrisy of traditional gender roles or survive encounters with the dreaded Holy Office of the Inquisition.

Section Essential Questions

1. What were the rights and responsibilities of women in colonial Spanish society?

2. How did race, class, and social differences affect the lives of the women in the Spanish colonies?

3. How did women contribute to the establishment of new societies in the New World?

4. What gender specific challenges did women face in the Spanish colonies?

Resources

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NEW WORLD

Queen Isabella I’s instructions on the governance of Hispaniola in 1501 were the blueprint for the development of the Spanish colonies of the Americas.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

European colonization of the Americas, Spanish conquest, colonial society

LIFE IN ENCOMIENDA

This 1522 illustration of the horrors of the encomienda system highlights the way women and children were particularly vulnerable to abuse by their Spanish overlords.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

European colonization of the Americas, Spanish conquest, Indigenous cultures of the Americas

A NUN CHALLENGES THE PATRIARCHY

This poem by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz highlights the hypocrisy of gender relations in Spanish colonial society.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

colonial society

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

This record of the slaving voyage of the English ship James contains records of women and girls who endured the brutalities of the Middle Passage.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

slavery, transatlantic slave trade, colonial society, race and racism

MARRIAGE CONTRACTS IN THE SPANISH COLONIES

This court document shows how a married woman in the Spanish colonies used her marriage contract to escape an unhappy marriage.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

colonial society

REVOLUTION IN ART

These two clay pots illustrate how Zuni women participated in the cultural revival that accompanied the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

Spanish conquest, Indigenous cultures of the Americas, European colonization of the Americas

Life Stories

DOÑA TERESA DE AGUILERA Y ROCHE

The story of the wife of the governor of New Mexico, who was arrested by the Holy Office of the Inquisition.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

colonial society

MALITZEN (LA MALINCHE)

The story of the enslaved Native woman who acted as the primary interpreter for Hernan Cortés during his conquest of the Aztec Empire.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

Indigenous cultures of the Americas, Spanish conquest, slavery

THE GATERAS OF QUITO

This story documents how the Native market women of colonial Quito fought in court to preserve their rights.

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS:

Indigenous cultures of the Americas, colonial society

For more information and resources about the history of the Spanish colonies in North America, see our curriculum guide Nueva York: 1613-1945.

What regions were a part of the Spanish empire in the New World?

What did Spain find in the New World?

Who were the Spaniards who first came to the New World?