Classical Conditioning Classical condition is best explained by the famous experiments done by Ivan Pavlov.
Ivan Pavlov In his experiments, Pavlov
would ring a bell just before giving food to dogs. Eventually, only ringing the bell would cause the animals to salivate, even in the absence of food. The ringing of the bell is called the neutral stimulus (NS), the salivation due to the presence of food is called the unconditioned response (UR), and the salivation in response only to ringing a bell in the absence of food is called the conditioned response (CR). In the case of drug addiction, withdrawal effects need to be present in order for classical conditioning to be a factor. There needs to be a neutral stimulus attached to the behavior. For instance the environment, or sensations associated with the behavior. An unconditioned response would be the compensatory
withdrawal reactions of the brain in response to the presence of the drug. Once the unconditioned response is associated with the neutral stimulus, the presence of that neutral stimulus evokes the conditioned response of the compensatory mechanisms associated with the presence of the drug, while actually in absence of the drug.
Classical conditioning therefore tells us that the drug addict's withdrawal symptoms can
present themselves without the actual presence, or possibility of taking the drug. Posters containing paraphernalia, or even pictures of drugs can initiate a conditioned response of the withdrawal mechanisms. This can become overwhelming (consider the physical reasons for addiction) thus throwing the individual into a fit to find the drug, and ease their discomfort.
An Assortment of Drug ParaphernaliaFor More Information on Classical Conditioning: Classical Conditioning Home,
Definition, Development,
Pathology,
Sociology, Treatment Learn about this topic in these articles:Assorted References- major references
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In animal learning: Laws of performance
…to the development of the stimulus–response theory, variations of which long provided the dominant account of conditioning. One version of the stimulus–response theory suggested that the mere occurrence of a new response to a given stimulus, as when Pavlov’s dog started salivating shortly after the metronome had started ticking,
is… Read More - In nervous system:
Stimulus-response coordination
The simplest type of response is a direct one-to-one stimulus-response reaction. A change in the environment is the stimulus; the reaction of the organism to it is the response. In single-celled organisms, the response is the result of a property of the cell… Read More
animal behaviour- automata
theory
- In automata theory: The finite automata of McCulloch and Pitts
Certain responses of an animal to stimuli are known by controlled observation, and, since the pioneering work of a Spanish
histologist, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, in the latter part of the 19th and early part of the 20th century, many neural structures have been well known.… Read More - In
automata theory: Input: events that affect an automaton
… in the future, while a stimulus is a collection of individual histories extending over the past and including the present. The logical construction implies a behaviour in the guise of a listing of responses to all possible stimuli. Reciprocally, for a given behaviour of the type defined,
the possible structure… Read More
- conditioning
- In
conditioning
Stimulus-response (S-R) theories are central to the principles of conditioning. They are based on the assumption that human behaviour is learned. One of the early contributors to the field, American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike, postulated the Law of Effect, which stated that those behavioral responses… Read More
human behaviour- Descartes’ theory
- In
René Descartes: Physics, physiology, and morals of René Descartes
…arc that begins with external stimuli—as, for example, when a soldier sees the enemy, feels fear, and flees. The mind cannot change bodily reactions directly—for example, it cannot will the body to fight—but by altering mental attitudes, it can change the pineal vibrations from those that cause fear
and fleeing… Read More
- education theory
- language analysis
- In
linguistics: Structural linguistics in America
…simply the relationship between a stimulus and a verbal response. Because science was still a long way from being able to give a comprehensive account of most stimuli, no significant or interesting results could be expected from the study of meaning for some considerable time, and it was preferable, as… Read More
- learning theories
- In learning: Types of learning
S-R theories failed to account for many learned phenomena, however, and seemed overly reductive because they ignored a subject’s inner activities. Tolman headed another, less “objective” camp that
held that associations involved a stimulus and a subjective sensory impression (S-S). Read More
- motivation
- In
motivation: Behaviourism
…in environmental stimulation (S); their S-R psychology subsequently gained popularity, becoming the basis for the school of behaviourism. By the 1920s, the concept of instinct as proposed by theorists such as James and McDougall had been roundly criticized and fell into disrepute. Behaviourism dominated the thinking of motivational theorists and… Read More
- perception
- In
perception
…humans, the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process itself. Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can be made… Read More
- opposition by Miller
- In George A. Miller
…and Karl Pribram proposed that stimulus-response (an isolated behavioral sequence used to assist research) be replaced by a different hypothesized behavioral sequence, which they called the TOTE (test, operate,
test, exit). In the TOTE sequence a goal is first planned, and a test is performed to determine whether the goal… Read More
- social behaviour model
- In social psychology: Interaction processes
…nature of social behaviour, the
stimulus–response model (in which every social act is seen as a response to the preceding act of another individual) has been generally found helpful but incomplete. Linguistic models that view social behaviour as being governed by principles analogous to the rules of a game or… Read More
What do you call the response caused by the conditioned stimulus?
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the conditioned response (CR). In the case of Pavlov's dogs, they had learned to associate the tone (CS) with being fed, and they began to salivate (CR) in anticipation of food.
What is it called when a conditioned response returns?
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence.
What is it called when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?
A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, something which reliably produces a particular intended behavior referred to as the conditioned response, through a process called classical conditioning.
What is unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment.
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